Toxicity of silver, silver-copper and silver-tin nanoparticles in THP-1 cell line and THP-1 differentiated macrophage cells

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and nanoparticles in the form of silver-metal alloy, such as silver-copper (AgCuNPs) and silver-tin (AgSnNPs) have been applied in various industries and medical applications. To assess effects of these nanoparticles on human immune system, this study aimed to assess toxicity of AgNPs, AgCuNPs and AgSnNPs on human monocytes, THP-1 cells, and THP-1 differentiated macrophage cells. The nanoparticles were characterized and assessed for cytotoxicity and generation of intracellular ROS. Effects of the nanoparticles on the release of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-8) were also assessed. The results demonstrated no significant cytotoxicity of silver and silver-metal nanoparticles at the concentration range of 5-100 µg/mL in THP-1 cells. AgNPs and AgCuNPs decreased cell viability of macrophages only at high concentrations. Intracellular ROS generation was not the only cause of cell death. All three nanoparticles significantly impaired the release of TNF-α in THP-1 cells but caused significant increase of IL-8 release in THP-1 differentiated macrophage cells. Biological effects of metal-based nanoparticles are still a topic of interest for further investigations.