Broadening the sufficiency economy debate : a critical examination of the prospects and limitations of sufficiency economy as an alternative development approach in Thailand

Abstract

This research expands the debate on Sufficiency Economy in Thailand by looking at both the prospects and limitations of Sufficiency Economy as an alternative development approach that leads to social transformation. It engages critically with Sufficiency Economy philosophy and practice by identifying the strengths as well as the inconsistencies and gaps of the Sufficiency Economy approach in regards to equity and grassroots empowerment. Alternative development is defined in this research as development that is equity-led instead of growth-led. While one theoretical strand of Sufficiency Economy interprets the Sufficiency Economy approach as growth-led and compatible with mainstream economics, another strand perceives the Sufficiency Economy approach as a rejection of economic growth and capitalism. Furthermore, the aim of attainment of sufficiency for all is a prospect for Sufficiency Economy as an alternative development approach, whereas the main limitation of the Sufficiency Economy approach is the lack of explicit and central concern for reduction of inequality. Alternative development can be achieved through grassroots empowerment. Through the concept of self-reliance, the Sufficiency Economy approach empowers certain individuals and communities to take action to meet their own needs in food and material production. However, the Sufficiency Economy approach cannot be considered true "alternative development" because it does not question power relations, redistribute power, or transform institutions, thereby contributing to upholding the status quo power structure in Thai society