Abstract:
Early immature durian (EID) fruits, 30-45 days after anthesis with 6-12 cm in length, are considered agricultural waste from cultivation. It is known that durian rinds of mature fruits contain pectin, but there have been no reports on the pectin content of early immature durian (EID) fruits. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the pectin content in EID fruits. We extracted pectin from EID fruits using distilled water at different temperatures (25°C, 50°C, and 75°C) for 1 h to investigate pectin content. Instrumental analyses, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FT-IR), confirmed the presence of pectin in the EID extract. To enhance the biological activity, we employed Pectinex Ultra SP-L® exo-Polygalacturonase, and Viscozyme® L, a mixture of carbohydrases, to degrade pectin into pectin-oligosaccharides (POSs). Moreover, Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) were used for the qualification analysis of POSs. The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated by measuring its free radical scavenging capacity using DPPH and ABTS assays, as well as the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Additionally, both POSs and pectin demonstrated antiglycation activity. The antioxidant and antiglycation activities of POSs were found to be stronger than those of pectin. Moreover, POSs exhibited hair proliferation promotion and provided protective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative stress damage. Consequently, we have successfully developed an extraction method and hydrolysis process to enhance the biological activity of the extract, making it suitable for potential utilization in cosmetic products.
