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Aging society is a global phenomenon of leading industrialized nations including Japan. This leads to an alternative tourism which one of them is long-stay tourism. Long-stay tourism is considered a type of quality tourism experiences with an emphasis on the elderly tourists. They are able to travel abroad to exchange languages and cultural activities with the local people on a temporary basis but long-term stay (in months or years time). As they depend on their pension beneficiaries, they do not work in their long-stay destination. They also intend to go back to Japan upon the final completion of their long-stay period. However, a decade after its official start in 2001 in Thailand, the basic philosophy of long-stay tourism has not been achieved. Due to the fact that an emphasis has always been on the provision of luxurious a accommodation and exclusive recreation activities among long-stay tourists. This research project chose Phuket province, Thailand, as the study site due to its being one of the most international glamour atmosphere. The study aimed to find (1) the readiness of the elderly Thais and the elderly Japanese for joint social activities (2) the types of preferred joint social activities among the two parties (3) the patterns of joint social activities as community tourism of Phuket’s local governments (4) the possible support from the local governments and their alliances. The research team conducted the current project during 2010-2011 with an ethical protocol no. 039.1/53.
The first research method used was qualitative study through focus group discussion (FGD) with 13 groups of participants (81 males and females) who were stakeholders of long-stay tourism in Phuket. There were seven stakeholder groups: local governments, the elderly Thais, the elderly Japanese, higher educational level institute, tourism-related organizations, Thai press, and foreign media. Three moderators of FGDs were from sociology and humanity backgrounds who conducted FGDs in the Thais, the Japanese, and the English-speaking people. All FGDs were audio-taped and were transcribed for qualitative content analysis. The principal investigator and the other 2 moderators independently performed the initial coding with a few feedback comments. Collectively, we defined the different themes and performed cross-referencing within the different coding and categories. The first drafts of result were sent to the Thai and the Japanese participants to check on content and comprehensiveness only with a few comments. The research team had corrected after discussion with the group moderators until we found final agreement.
From the qualitative descriptive content analysis, we found that same as other mainstream mass tourism destination worldwide, Phuket is facing its crisis in terms of natural resource degradation, environmental deterioration, latent population, and other social problems. The participants perceived long-stay tourists in Phuket as the westerners who live exclusively with their own clans, or the westerners who get married with the Thais and open their own business in the province. For them, long-stay tourists also meant the Japanese golf tourists. In fact, the participants also recognized the project in Phuket in the previous days which tried to have the elderly Japanese to live in the built-up nursing home (the purpose of Japan’s Silver Columbia Plan in the past). In addition, from the focused group discussion with the elderly Japanese, they perceived their retirement life as the life that worth living by using leisure time effectively. On the other hand, the elderly Thais wanted to help out and give back to the society as their legacy values. Though the authentic exchange of languages and cultural activities have never taken place in Phuket, the elderly Thais and the elderly Japanese as well as other stakeholders in Phuket suggested a number of possible joint social activities (which were further investigated in the quantitative research method), including positive responses from the local governments in Phuket regarding long-stay tourism in the province.
From the quantitative research with 574 samples (composing of 500 Thais-429 elderly Thais and 71 other Thais-plus 74 elderly Japanese) with the response rate of 76.92% for the Thais and 100% for the Japanese respectively, the result revealed that the average age of the Thais was approximate 63 years old, female (approx. 62%), finished less than primary education (approx. 65%), married (approx. 58%), and approx. 87% of the samples were born in Phuket. However, the Thai samples of 71% 9a total of 355 persons) were willing for joint social activities between the elderly Thais and the elderly Japanese. These ready-to-go samples chose handicraft activities (34.6%), volunteerism (23.1%), food tourism between Thai-Japanese (19.7%), light sports (15.8%), and customary events (6.8%). These proposed activities should be held monthly (approx. 70%) in form of mutual learning (approx. 52%) or as mutual exchange (approx. 25%). Among the Thais, approx. 60% believed in the differences of language as an obstacle for conducting joint social activities. They suggested for volunteer interpreter (approx. 62%). As for the accommodation for the elderly Japanese, the Thais of 58% would like to see the Japanese elderly live in existing facilities (for instance, apartment, condominium, or houses). Thais of approx. 24% offered mutual living in the Thai house but with certain selection criteria on both sides. Approx. 95% would like Phuket to be the site of accommodation facilities. In terms of joint social activities collaborative body during long-stay period, the Thais for approx. 57% would like the Royal Thai Government, the local governments in Phuket, and concerned Japanese organization take care of this issue. Approx. 23% would like the Royal Thai Government to co-operate with concerned Japanese organization directly. From an analysis of association between independent variables and joint social activities, age, gender, group membership, educational level, frequency of activities hold, difference in language, solution for language problem, types of accommodation during long-stay period, and coordinating bodies, had the relationship with joint social activities between the elderly Thais and the elderly Japanese with statistical significance at 0.05 (p-value<0.001 for all factors, except for groups membership with p-value of 0.016). Overall, the Thai samples would want to support joint social activities during long-stay period as they could bring about good relationship of the two nations and could serve as sources of exchange for language and cultural activities. However, the samples would like to study more about the scopes of responsibility of the local governments in Phuket serving as the coordinating body and recommended to have local university students keen in Japanese to volunteer as interpreters for the elderly.
From the quantitative research with 74 elderly Japanese, the result revealed that the average age of the Japanese was approximate 64 years old with approx. 65% were males. Approx. 42% identified their work background as company’s staff and housewives. The samples had secondary school (APPROX.40%) with 35% university graduates. Approx. 72% were married and approx. 83% indicated their hometown in Japan that 27.5% of them were from Tokyo (central/Kanto); 10.0% from Osaka (central/Kansai) and approx.8% from Aichi (central/Chubu). With and exchange rate of 100 yens equaled to 37 Thai baht, the Japanese of approx. 21% specified an amount of their pension beneficiaries at 2,000,000 yens annually (approx. 61,666 baht per month) and another approx. 21% had 3,000,000 yens annually (approx. 92,500 baht per month). Moreover, approx. 23% of the samples had another source of income (for instance, renting charge) of less than 1,000,000 yens per year (approx. 30,833 baht per month) as well as for 2,000,000 yens per year (approx. 61,666 baht per month), with approx. 13% of the samples had 4,000,000 yens annually other type of income (approx. 123,333 baht per month). However, the Japanese samples of approx. 70% (a total of 51 persons) were willing for joint social activities between the elderly Thais and the elderly Japanese during the long-stay period. These ready-to-go samples chose food tourism (33.3%). Volunteerism (23.5%), customary events (17.6%), handicrafts (15.7%), and light sports (9.8%). These proposed activities should be held monthly (approx. 75%) in form of mutual exchange (approx. 42%), mutual learning (approx. 28%), and volunteerism (approx. 10%). Among the Japanese, approx.90% believed in the differences of language as an obstacle for conducting joint social activities with the Thais and would want to have volunteer interpreter (approx.96%). As for the accommodation, the elderly Japanese of approx. 90% would like to live in existing facilities: 31.8% in houses, 29.5% in condominium, and 15.9% in apartment. There were only approx. 4% of the samples who would want to live with Thai houses with selection criteria on both sides. The samples opined that accommodation facilities should be located in Phuket (approx. 98%), for instance, at Phuket Town (13.0%) and Tha-lang district (10.9%). In terms of joint social activities collaborative body during long-stay period, the elderly Japanese for approx. 61% would like the Royal Thai Government, the local governments in Phuket, and concerned Japanese organization, to take care of this issue. Approx. 16% would like the local governments in Phuket and Thai private sectors cooperate with concerned Japanese organization. Approx. 12% of the samples would want the Thai and the Japanese private sectors to cooperate each other. From an analysis of association between independent variables and joint social activities, it found that amount of pension beneficiaries and other source of income had the relationship with joint social activities between the elderly Thais and the elderly Japanese during long-stay period with statistical significance at 0.05 (p-value 0.003 and <0.001 respectively). Overall, as Thailand is a developing country, the Japanese sample would want to know the level of education of the Thais and the environment in Thailand, and how foreigners would be taken care of by the Thai government and general Thai people; they felt that this survey was impressive as it was the first time ever that Asians asked questions among themselves; if staying longer in Thailand, the sample would want to join activities with the Thais but the obstacle was language competency, therefore, mutual daily life activities should be the first to start; the samples wondered how safe are foreigners living abroad as there were often criminal news on newspaper and televisions.
For discussion part, the research proposed the concepts of over-carrying capacity of mainstream mass tourism in Phuket, Silver Columbia Plan, Ikigai, Generativity, and successful aging through Social Engagement Theory. As well the concepts of Social Tourism and Community-based tourism were also mentioned.
In conclusion, establishing joint social activities between the elderly Thais and the elderly Japanese in Phuket may lead to future research in regards to the model of Local Tambon Administration (local governments) in Phuket regarding joint social activities with relevant local alliances. This is especially true for the model of ‘Senior volunteers’ and ‘Life alliances’ through the new proposed component of 2As1C (Access, Accommodation and Community-based tourism management through senior voluntary activities) for the conduct of long-stay tourism in Phuket. |
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